Harris B. The intractable cigarette 'filter problem'. Tob Control. 2011;20 (suppl 1):i10-i16. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040113
Proctor RN. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2011
Belzagui F, Buscio V, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern. Sci Total Environ. 2021;762:144165. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165
Zarus GM, Muianga C, Hunter CM, Pappas RS. A review of data for quantifying human exposures to micro and nanoplastics and potential health risks. Sci Total Environ. 2021;756:144010. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144010
Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Banni M, et al. Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environ Res. 2020;187:109677. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109677
Poma A, Vecchiotti G, Colafarina S, et al. In Vitro Genotoxicity of Polystyrene Nanoparticles on the Human Fibroblast Hs27 Cell Line. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019;9(9):1299. Published 2019 Sep 11. doi:10.3390/nano9091299
Kozlowski LT, O’Connor RJ. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control. 2002;11(suppl 1):i40-i50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i40
Ziv-Gal A, Flaws JA. Evidence for bisphenol A-induced female infertility: a review (2007-2016). Fertil Steril. 2016;106(4):827-856. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.027
Wang Y-L, Lee Y-H, Chiu I-J, Lin Y-F, Chiu H-W. Potent impact of plastic nanomaterials and micromaterials on the food chain and human health. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1727. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051727
Novotny TE, Slaughter E. Tobacco Product Waste: An Environmental Approach to Reduce Tobacco Consumption. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2014;1(3):208-216. Published 2014 May 6. doi:10.1007/s40572-014-0016-x
Novotny T, Lum K, Smith E, Wang V, Barnes R. Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste. Int J Environ Public Health. 2009;6(5):1691-1705. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051691
Zumbado M, Luzardo OP, Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Differential exposure to 33 toxic elements through cigarette smoking, based on the type of tobacco and rolling paper used. Environ Res. 2019 Feb;169:368-376. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.021
Rabinoff M, Caskey N, Rissling A, Park C. Pharmacological and chemical effects of cigarette additives. Am J Public Health. 2007 Nov;97(11):1981-91. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078014
Alpert HR, Agaku IT, Connolly GN. A study of pyrazines in cigarettes and how additives might be used to enhance tobacco addiction. Tob Control. 2016;25(4):444-450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051943
Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: consequences to human health? Environ Pollut. 2018;234:115-126. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043
Choy CA, Robison BH, Gagne TO et al. The vertical distribution and biological transport of marine microplastics across the epipelagic and mesopelagic water column. Sci Rep. 2019;9:7843. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44117-2
Rochman CM, Tahir A, Williams SL, et al. Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption. Sci Rep. 2015;5:14340. doi:10.1038/srep14340
Zafeiridou M, Hopkinson NS, Voulvoulis N. Cigarette smoking: an assessment of tobacco’s global environmental footprint across its entire supply chain. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(15):8087-8094. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01533
Hendlin YH. E-cigarettes and a new threat: How to dispose of them [blog]. The Conversation. October 23, 2018. Accessed July 7, 2020.https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/e-cigarettes-and-new-threat-how-dispose-them
Environmental Protection Agency (1980). CFR §261.33 Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill residues thereof
Marah M, Novotny TE. Geographic patterns of cigarette butt waste in the urban environment. Tob Control. 2011;20(Suppl 1):i42-i44. doi:10.1136/TC.2010.042424
Berg CJ, Schleicher NC, Johnson TO, et al. Vape shop identification, density and place characteristics in six metropolitan areas across the US. Prev Med Reports. 2020;19. doi:10.1016/J.PMEDR.2020.101137
Evans-Reeves K, Lauber K, Hiscock R. The “filter fraud” persists: the tobacco industry is still using filters to suggest lower health risks while destroying the environment. Tobacco Control. Published online April 25, 2021. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056245
Wang Y-L, Lee Y-H, Chiu I-J, Lin Y-F, Chiu H-W. Potent Impact of Plastic Nanomaterials and Micromaterials on the Food Chain and Human Health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(5):1727. doi:10.3390/ijms21051727
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta. 2014
Song M-A, Benowitz NL, Berman M, et al. Cigarette filter ventilation and its relationship to increasing rates of lung adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(12). doi:10.1093/jnci/djx075
Smith EA, McDaniel PA. Covering their butts: responses to the cigarette litter problem. Tob Control. 2011;20(2):100. doi:10.1136/TC.2010.036491
Holm P. Ventilation Research - Overview by Types of Workplace: Philip Morris, 1998. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uhv70b00 (accessed 14 Aug 2009)
Environmental Newsletter No. 30 Environmental Issue Tracking - Asia Pacific Region: Philip Morris, 1999
Tidy Britain Group. [Attitudes Towards Cigarette Disposal Outdoors]. Philip Morris, 1996
RJ Reynolds International. RJRI News Report. Wednesday, December 04, 1996: RJ Reynolds, 1996
PM Corporate Affairs: Robinson & Maites litter program development scope-of-work: Philip Morris, 1997. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bhm16c00 (accessed 14 Nov 2008)
Corporate Affairs Gameplan: Philip Morris, 2002. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kir02c00 (accessed 2 Jul 2009)
Stigler-Granados P, Fulton L, Nunez Patlan E, Terzyk M, Novotny TE. Global health perspectives on cigarette butts and the environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(10):1858. Published 2019 May 26. doi:10.3390/ijerph16101858
Smith EA, Novotny TE. Whose butt is it? tobacco industry research about smokers and cigarette butt waste. Tob Control. 2011;20(suppl 1):i2-i9. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040105
Dewhirst T. Co-optation of harm reduction by Big Tobacco. Tob Control. 2021;30(e1):e1-e3. doi:10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2020-056059
World Health Organization. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019
Pauly JL, Stegmeier SJ, Allaart HA, et al. Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(5):419-428
Schwabl P, Köppel S, Königshofer P, et al. Detection of Various Microplastics in Human Stool: A Prospective Case Series. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(7):453-457. doi:10.7326/M19-0618
Yu D, Peterson NA, Sheffer MA, Reid RJ, Schnieder JE. Tobacco outlet density and demographics: Analysing the relationships with a spatial regression approach. Public Health. 2010;124(7):412-416. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.024
World Health Organization. Tobacco and its environmental impact: an overview. Geneva: World Health Organization;2017
Campanale C, Massarelli C, Savino I, Locaputo V, Uricchio VF. A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1212. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041212
Hwang J, Choi D, Han S, Jung SY, Choi J, Hong J. Potential toxicity of polystyrene microplastic particles. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7391. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64464-9
Berg CJ, Schleicher NC, Johnson TO, Barker DC, Getachew B, Weber A, et al. Vape shop identification, density and place characteristics in six metropolitan areas across the US. Prev Med Rep. 2020 Sep 1;19:101137
Hu X, Biswas A, Sharma A, et al. Mutational signatures associated with exposure to carcinogenic microplastic compounds bisphenol A and styrene oxide. NAR Cancer. 2021;3(1). doi:10.1093/narcan/zcab004
Zhang C, Chen J, Ma S, Sun Z, Wang Z. Microplastics may be a significant cause of male infertility. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16(3):155798832210965. doi:10.1177/15579883221096549
Hirt N, Body-Malapel M. Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literature. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2020;17(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00387-7
Evans-Reeves, K., Lauber, K., & Hiscock, R. (2022). The “filter fraud” persists: The tobacco industry is still using filters to suggest lower health risks while destroying the environment. Tobacco Control, 31(e1). https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056245
O’Connor, R. J., Bansal-Travers, M., Cummings, K. M., Hammond, D., Thrasher, J. F., & Tworek, C. (2015). Filter presence and tipping paper color influence consumer perceptions of cigarettes. BMC Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2643-z
Slaughter, E., Gersberg, R. M., Watanabe, K., Rudolph, J., Stransky, C., & Novotny, T. E. (2011). Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish. Tobacco Control, 20(1 SUPPL). https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.040170
Register, K. (2000). Cigarette Butts as Litter- Toxic as Well as Ugly? Underwater Naturalist, 25(2)
Beutel, M. W., Harmon, T. C., Novotny, T. E., Mock, J., Gilmore, M. E., Hart, S. C., Traina, S., Duttagupta, S., Brooks, A., Jerde, C. L., Hoh, E., van de Werfhorst, L. C., Butsic, V., Wartenberg, A. C., & Holden, P. A. (2021). A review of environmental pollution from the use and disposal of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes: Contaminants, sources, and impacts. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Issue 23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312994
Berg, C. J., Schleicher, N. C., Johnson, T. O., Barker, D. C., Getachew, B., Weber, A., Park, A. J., Patterson, A., Dorvil, S., Fairman, R. T., Meyers, C., & Henriksen, L. (2020). Vape shop identification, density and place characteristics in six metropolitan areas across the US. Preventive Medicine Reports, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101137
Jacob H, Besson M, Swarzenski PW, Lecchini D, Metian M. Effects of Virgin Micro- and Nanoplastics on Fish: Trends, Meta-Analysis, and Perspectives. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54(8):4733-4745. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05995
Ocean Conservancy, International Coastal Cleanup. We Clean On, 2021 report. Washington, DC: Ocean Conservatory, International Coastal Cleanup; 2021
Moran, K.; Miller, E.; Mendez M.; Moore, S.; Gilbreath, A.; Sutton R.; Lin, D.. 2021. A Synthesis of Microplastic Sources and Pathways to Urban Runoff. SFEI Technical Report: SFEI Contribution # 1049. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA
Fowles J, Barreau T, Wu N. Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk Concerns from Metals in Electronic Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2146. doi:10.3390/ijerph17062146
Hendlin YH. Alert: Public Health Implications of Electronic Cigarette Waste. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(11):1489-1490. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304699
Forster M. What Happens When You Throw Away E-Cigarettes? Waste Management Magazine. https://wasteadvantagemag.com/what-happens-when-you-throw-away-e-cigarettes/. Published November 21, 2018. Accessed July 8, 2020.View Source
Kang DH, Chen M, Ogunseitan OA. Potential environmental and human health impacts of rechargeable lithium batteries in electronic waste. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(10):5495-5503. doi:10.1021/es400614y
Truth Initiative. Most young users put disposable e-cigarettes in trash, creating huge streams of toxic and hazardous waste, as companies fail to take responsibility. Published December 15, 2022. Accessed April 16, 2024. https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/harmful-effects-tobacco/most-young-users-put-disposable-e-cigarettes-trash
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. What is the most commonly found ocean litter? oceanservice.noaa.gov. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/most-common-ocean-litter.html. Published October 22, 2018. Accessed July 8, 2021