U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and Tobacco Use: About e-cigarettes (vapes). Updated May, 2024. Accessed June, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/about.html

Truth Initiative. High-nicotine e-cigarettes dominate the market, with sales increasing 15-fold in five years. Published January 2023, Accessed June 2024. https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/emerging-tobacco-products/high-nicotine-e-cigarettes-dominate-market-sales#:~:text=As%20e%2Dcigarettes%20have%20expanded,alone%2C%20a%20106.7%25%20increase

Zeller M. The federal response to the epidemic of e-cigarette use, especially among children, and the food and drug administration’s compliance policy - 12/04/2019. FDA. Published December 4, 2019. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/federal-response-epidemic-e-cigarette-use-especially-among-children-and-food-and-drug

Birdsey J, Cornelius M, Jamal A, et al. Tobacco Product Use Among U.S. Middle and High School Students — National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:1173-1182. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7244a1.

Clodfelter R, Dutra, LM, Bradfield B, Russell S, Levine B, von Jaglinsky A. Annual results report for the California Youth Tobacco survey 2023. RTI International. Published March 2024. Accessed June, 2024. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CTCB/CDPH%20Document%20Library/ResearchandEvaluation/SurveyInstrumentsTrainingManualsAndProtocols/CYTS2023AnnualReport_FINAL.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and tobacco use: health effects of vaping. Updated May, 2024. Accessed June, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/health-effects.html

Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:57-71. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Published 2016, Accessed June, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/pdfs/2016_sgr_entire_report_508.pdf

Leventhal AM, Madden DR, Peraza N, et al. Effect of Exposure to e-Cigarettes With Salt vs Free-Base Nicotine on the Appeal and Sensory Experience of Vaping: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2032757. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32757

Glantz S, Jeffers A, Winickoff JP. Nicotine Addiction and Intensity of e-Cigarette Use by Adolescents in the US, 2014 to 2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2240671. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40671

Designed for Addiction How the Tobacco Industry Has Made Cigarettes More Addictive, More Attractive to Kids and Even More Deadly. Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. June 19, 2024. https://assets.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/industry_watch/product_manipulation/2014_06_19_DesignedforAddiction_web.pdf

Holtermann C. Vapes get a gen z makeover. The New York Times. Published November 6, 2023. Accessed April 23, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/06/style/vape-elf-bar-juul.html

California State Legislature. Senate Bill No. 793. 2019-2020 Regular Session. Published August 28, 2020. Accessed February 12, 2024. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB793

CDC Foundation. (2023). Monitoring U.S. E-Cigarette Sales: State Trends Data Brief. Issue 11. Published September 10, 2023. https://www.cdcfoundation.org/QuarterlyE-CigaretteSalesDataBrief_9.10.2023.pdf?inline