NOAA. What is the most common form of ocean litter? National Ocean Service website, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/most-common-ocean-litter.html, 01/20/23.

Novotny TE, Lum K, Smith E, Wang V, Barnes R. Cigarette butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009; 6(5): 1691-1705. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051691

Belzagui F, Buscio V, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern. Sci Total Enviro. 2021;762:144165. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144165

Ocean Conservancy, International Coastal Cleanup. 2022 Report: Connect + Collect. Washington, DC: Ocean Conservatory, International Coastal Cleanup; 2022. Accessed April 10, 2023.

Novotny TE, Slaughter E. Tobacco Product Waste: An Environmental Approach to Reduce Tobacco Consumption. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2014;1(3):208-216. doi:10.1007/s40572-014-0016-x

Break Free From Plastic. Branded Vol. III: Demanding Corporate Accountability for Plastic Pollution. 2020. Accessed April 10, 2023.

California State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution No. 2020-0021: Adoption of Definition of ‘Microplastics in Drinking Water.’ Published June 16, 2020. Accessed April 12, 2023.

Zarus GM, Muianga C, Hunter CM, Pappas RS. A review of data for quantifying human exposures to micro and nanoplastics and potential health risks. Sci Total Environ. 2021;756:144010. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144010

Prata JC. Airborne microplastics: consequences to human health? Environ Pollut. 2018;234:115-126. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043

Chamas, Ali, Hyunjin Moon, Jiajia Zheng, Yang Qiu, Tarnuma Tabassum, Jun Hee Jang, Mahdi Abu-Omar, Susannah L. Scott, and Sangwon Suh. 2020. “Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment.” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (9): 3494-3511.

Everaert G, De Rijcke M, Lonneville B, et al. Risks of floating microplastic in the global ocean. Environ Pollut. 2020;267:115499. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115499

Padervand M, Lichtfouse E, Robert D, Wang C. Removal of microplastics from the environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2020;18:807-828. doi:10.1007/s10311-020-00983-1

Choy CA, Robison BH, Gagne TO, et al. The vertical distribution and biological transport of marine microplastics across the epipelagic and mesopelagic water column. Sci Rep. 2019;9:7843. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44117-2

Moran K, Miller E, Mendez M, et al. A Synthesis of Microplastic Sources and Pathways to Urban Runoff. SFEI Technical Report: SFEI Contribution # 1049. Richmond, CA: San Francisco Estuary Institute; 2021

Mohamed Nor NH, Kooi M, Diepens NJ, Koelmans AA. Lifetime accumulation of microplastic in children and adults. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(8):5084-5096

Pauly JL, Stegmeier SJ, Allaart HA, et al. Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(5):419-428

Jenner LC, Rotchell JM, Bennett RT, Cowen M, Tentzeris V, Sadofsky LR. Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using μFTIR spectroscopy. Sci Total Environ. 2022;831:154907. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907

Ragusa A, Notarstefano V, Svelato A, et al. Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14(13):2700. doi: 10.3390/polym14132700

Leslie HA, van Velzen MJM, Brandsma SH, Vethaak D, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Lamoree MH. Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environ Int. 2022;163:107199. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199

Xie X, Deng T, Duan J, Xie J, Yuan J, Chen M. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics causes reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress and activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020;190:110133. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110133

Hou J, Lei Z, Cui L, et al. Polystyrene microplastics lead to pyroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;212:112012

Rubio L, Barguilla I, Domenech J, Marcos R, Hernández A. Biological effects, including oxidative stress and genotoxic damage, of polystyrene nanoparticles in different human hematopoietic cell lines. J Hazard Mater. 2020;398:122900. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122900

Coffin S, Bouwmeester H, Brander S, et al. Development and application of a health-based framework for informing regulatory action in relation to exposure of microplastic particles in California drinking water. Microplast nanoplast. 2022;2(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s43591-022-00030-6