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令孩子上癮

尼古丁對青少年大腦的影響

發佈於 Mar 24, 2022
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煙草業對於年輕人掠奪性和陰險的營銷策略似乎永無止境，因為煙草業不斷推出並促銷年輕人喜愛又具有吸引力的產品。1 尼古丁是煙草商從年輕人身上謀利的商業計劃核心，藉此讓年輕人上癮並成為終身顧客。2

當毒藥令人上癮

對於青少年和年輕成人而言，特別危險的是如電子煙及尼古丁口含煙袋等產品的吸引力，因為他們尚未完全了解這些產品對於健康的危害。尼古丁對於孩子及年輕成人發育中的大腦是有毒的，因為他們更容易受到尼古丁成癮及尼古丁傷害的影響。3 由於大腦發育會一直持續到25歲左右，而尼古丁可能會對年輕人的成年期產生負面影響。4 簡而言之，尼古丁會對年輕人的大腦造成毒害影響。56

  • 尼古丁會改變大腦形成的連結模式。7
  • 尼古丁可能干擾注意力及學習。8
  • 尼古丁可能加重焦慮不安、情緒起伏及暴躁易怒。91011

這些影響對於仍在學習和養成終身習慣的年輕人而言尤為不利。雖然這些行為當中，也許有些只是因為青春期階段，但尼古丁對青少年大腦所造成的影響卻可能是永久性的。12 使用尼古丁可能導致對於決策能力的長期影響，也可能增加青少年對於其它藥物上癮的風險。71415

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「尼古丁不但會令人上癮，還會加重焦慮不安、暴躁易怒、情緒起伏及學習困難。」

醫學博士 PAM LING

令人上癮的尼古丁鹽

更令人擔憂的是，許多煙草公司在電子煙及尼古丁口含煙袋中使用的一種新型的高濃度尼古丁，稱為尼古丁鹽。

  • 煙草公司經常使用尼古丁鹽取代一般尼古丁。16
  • 相較於一般尼古丁，尼古丁鹽的濃度較高，更容易吸入，也更快被吸收。17
  • 無論是一般尼古丁或尼古丁鹽，尼古丁成癮的發生速度都很快，還可能導致進一步的藥物濫用。1819

帶有口味的煙草產品

添加到煙草產品中的口味(例如芒果和草莓)，能掩蓋煙草的刺鼻味道及尼古丁的存在，尼古丁是一種與海洛因一樣會令人上癮​​的化學物質。201

  • 2023年，加州吸電子煙的孩子中，有百分之八十九使用口味。21
  • 電子煙有各種孩子喜愛的口味，如Blue Razz(藍爵士莓果)、Pegasus Milk(飛馬牛奶)及Menthol Freeze(冰凍薄荷醇)等。
  • 雖然大多數的口味煙草產品已不再允許在各零售地點販售，但卻仍可在網上購買。2223
  • 添加口味的化學物質可能損害肺部。24

尼古丁其實完全沒什麼好處。請點擊此處為自己尋求戒煙支援，或幫助年輕人戒掉電子煙及其他煙草產品。

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health 2016. Accessed April 19, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538684/#ch1.s3
  2. Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. TOBACCO COMPANY QUOTES ON MARKETING TO KIDS. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://assets.tobaccofreekids.org/factsheets/0114.pdf
  3. Goriounova NA, Mansvelder HD. Short- and long-term consequences of nicotine exposure during adolescence for prefrontal cortex neuronal network function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(12):a012120. Published 2012 Dec 1. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012120
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  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nicotine: System Agent. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Updated May 12, 2011. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750028.html
  6. Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A. Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(1):24-31. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.151771
  7. Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol. 2015;593(16):3397-3412. doi:10.1113/JP270492
  8. U.S. Surgeon General. Surgeon General’s Advisory on E-cigarette Use Among Youth. e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov. Published 2018. Accessed April 19, 2024. https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/surgeon-generals-advisory-on-e-cigarette-use-among-youth-2018.pdf
  9. Kutlu MG, Gould TJ. Nicotine modulation of fear memories and anxiety: Implications for learning and anxiety disorders. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;97(4):498–511. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.029
  10. Etter JK, Ussher M, Hughes JR. A test of proposed new tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Addiction. 2013;108(1):50-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03981.x
  11. Hughes JR. Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(3):315-327. DOI: 10.1080/14622200701188919
  12. Froeliger B, Modlin LA, Kozink RV, et al. Frontoparietal attentional network activation differs between smokers and nonsmokers during affective cognition. Psychiatry Res. 2012;211(1):57–63. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.05.002.
  13. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Vaping devices (electronic cigarettes) drugfacts. Updated January 2020. Accessed April 22, 2024. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/vaping-devices-electronic-cigarettes
  14. Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol. 2015;593(16):3397–3412doi:10.1113/JP270492
  15. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Published 2016. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538680/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK538680.pdf
  16. Harvanko AM, Havel CM, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Characterization of nicotine salts in 23 electronic cigarette refill liquids. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2019 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz232
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  22. Public Health Law Center. 12/6/21 – Game Over: Ending Internet Sales of Commercial Tobacco. Published December 6, 2021. Accessed April 22, 2024. https://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/commentary/211206/12/6/21-game-over-ending-internet-sales-commercial-tobacco
  23. Leas EC, Mejorado T, Harati R, et al E-commerce licensing loopholes: a case study of online shopping for tobacco products following a statewide sales restriction on flavoured tobacco in California Tobacco Control Published Online First: 07 November 2023. doi: 10.1136/tc-2023-058269
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按主題探索

煙草商目前耗資數十億美元在狡詐的營銷策略及政治影響力上，即使造成死亡與疾病也要獲利。
了解詳情
即使對於不使用煙草的人，也可能產生致命的後果。
了解詳情
煙草商稱孩子們為「替代客戶」， 而大煙草商更判處他們終生成癮與疾病。
了解詳情
具有種族主義的煙草商，策略性地以特定社區為目標，提供致命的產品及操控性的信息。
了解詳情
有毒煙草廢棄物及塑料污染所帶來的環境破壞與健康風險，無人能免受其害。
了解詳情
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追究煙草商責任

加州已在保護大眾避免受到其他有害產品的侵害，現在正是該以同樣標準對待煙草商的時候！
高聲疾呼反對煙草商！