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尼古丁口含煙袋:新包裝下的上癮風險

發佈於 May 23, 2024
Zyn pouches

煙草公司的「減輕危害」策略為何是謊言騙局

全世界最致命的行業正試圖將自己裝扮成你的知心好友,而尼古丁口含煙袋只是煙草業向我們推銷其最新「減少危害」策略的又一個花招伎倆。1234567

煙草商品牌重塑策略的主要組成部分,就是將其部分產品宣傳營銷為「無煙草」。8 通過將煙草與尼古丁分開,煙草業希望能將其產品的所有危害都歸咎於煙草,並將尼古丁轉化為一種無害的化學物質,並不會比一杯咖啡更容易上癮或有害。9

只有一個大問題:尼古丁無論以何種形式存在,都是危險的。尼古丁是一種致命的毒藥、一種神經毒素,以及已被證實與海洛因一樣會成癮的化學物質。10

但這並沒有阻止煙草商利用尼古丁口含煙袋作為最新的行銷策略,並聲稱正在解決自己所造成的問題,也就是吸煙流行病。尼古丁是煙草商的誘餌及轉移注意力的共同點。經過多年來利用香煙令人上癮並讓我們的至親至愛喪命之後,煙草業原本應該在垂死掙扎,而這正是它寄望於像是尼古丁口含煙袋等新產品的原因。111213

過去35年來,加州以許多重要方式挺身對抗煙草業,並已取得成效。我們已將肺癌和支氣管癌的發生率降低42%以上,也讓吸煙率成為全美最低之一。1415 我們甚至有助於美國的吸煙率降至歷史最低。16

隨著大眾對煙草危害的廣泛了解以及香煙使用量的下降,17 煙草公司的高管們需要改造形象。因此,煙草商推出新產品,並將這些產品重新包裝為比舊產品「更安全」、「更健康」,所有這些都是為能保持利潤滾滾而來。

什麼是尼古丁口含煙袋

尼古丁口含煙袋與咀嚼煙草等其他無煙的煙草產品相似,都是插放入嘴唇和牙齦之間,並留在那裡讓尼古丁被人體吸收。18 然而,放入口中的不是散裝煙草,而是一小袋尼古丁。

受歡迎的品牌包括菲利普莫里斯國際公司(PMI)的Zyn、Swisher國際公司的Rogue、奧馳亞(Altria)的On!及英美煙草(BAT)的Velo。19 它們被宣傳為隱蔽、「無煙、免吐出、免用手」,使它們比香煙或電子煙更容易隱藏使用。820 營銷主管深明這一點,並將這些產品定位在強調「自由」的年輕人,特別是關於使用者如何能選擇隨時隨地使用該產品。721

根據一項研究結果顯示,在看到Zyn的營銷後,如果信息中包含有關吸引人的口味以及在社交場合感到更舒適的信息,會讓13至20 歲的年輕人更有可能購買Zyn。22

尼古丁口含煙袋背後的公司也使用狡猾的營銷策略,讓產品聽起來更安全,他們使用「無煙草」、「藥品級尼古丁」及「食品級成分」等術語。2123 煙草業一次又一次證明他們願意不擇手段以獲利,包括對大眾撒謊並針對孩子進行定位營銷。124

煙草商高層並未透露的是,使用含有高度成癮性尼古丁的產品可能會導致終生依賴,這種生活與他們所承諾的自由選擇背道而馳。10

尼古丁對身體的傷害有多大?

尼古丁是從煙草植物中提取的有毒物質,攝入過量可能導致嘔吐、心跳加速、站立不穩、癲癇發作、昏迷、肌肉無力,甚至死亡。25 數十年的獨立研究也顯示尼古丁對人體有多大的危害:

  • 尼古丁對心臟是有害的,尤其長遠來說更是如此。尼古丁會使血壓升高並使動脈硬化,還可能增加心臟病發作的風險。26  
  • 尼古丁危害懷孕期間的胎兒發育。27
  • 尼古丁對發育中的大腦有害,會重新連接神經通路,並造成大腦對各種物質容易上癮。它會對學習和注意力產生負面影響,並加重焦慮不安、情緒起伏及暴躁易怒。282930313233

尼古丁極具成癮性,會因建立依賴關係而有效剝奪個人選擇自由。10

什麼是尼古丁口含煙袋?究竟有多大的危害?

尼古丁口含煙袋含有尼古丁鹽,設計用來提供高濃度的尼古丁,而且刺激性較小。由於尼古丁口含煙袋是較新的產品,我們對它們的了解不多,但我們所知道的資訊讓科學家及衛生官員感到擔憂。35

你可能已經聽說過尼古丁鹽,因為它們是推動電子煙公司JUUL聲名狼藉的原因之一。3637 R.J.雷諾煙草公司最初為尼古丁鹽申請專利,當時他們正在尋找一種能向年輕人提供更高劑量尼古丁,且不會讓他們生病或灼傷喉嚨的方法。36

JUUL利用雷諾煙草公司在1970年代的原創研究,製作出自創版本的尼古丁鹽,並用於自己的煙彈之中。36 JUUL的5%煙彈中,每個煙倉彈所含的尼古丁量多達單根香煙的20倍,與其他電子煙相較更高達三倍。3637

如今,尼古丁口含煙袋的研究才剛開始揭示出類似的令人不安的趨勢,也就是尼古丁含量及與其相關健康影響。根據2022年的一項獨立研究顯示,尼古丁口含煙袋中所含的尼古丁量,被研究人員描述為「高得驚人」。38 該研究發現,研究人員所測試的尼古丁口含煙袋樣品中有一半以上含有稱為煙草特定亞硝胺(TSNAs)的致癌化學物質。根據美國癌症協會的說法,TSNAs是無煙煙草中最有害的致癌物質。雖然TSNA的含量可能因產品而異,但含量越高,致癌風險就越大。39

研究人員還指出,尼古丁口含煙袋的包裝通常缺乏適當的標籤,這代表加州人幾乎不可能對於使用這些產品做出明智的決定。當然,這實際上剝奪了選擇「更健康」替代品的自由,而這正是煙草業原本聲稱此產品所能提供的。394041

除了使用尼古丁帶來的嚴重健康風險之外,另有一篇論文對於小部分的尼古丁口含煙袋使用者進行研究,其中一些人也同時使用香煙或電子煙,並被問及他們使用尼古丁口含煙袋時所經歷的負面副作用。研究參與者報告了口腔病變及口腔和喉嚨疼痛。42

US Nicotine Pouch Unit Sales Graph

但這不足為奇,因為學齡兒童現今對尼古丁口含煙袋的使用正呈現上升趨勢。在加州,2023年有1.1%的高中生表示經常使用這些產品,而這一數字在一年內幾乎翻了一倍。4344 在2023年,尼古丁口含煙袋也是八年級學生最常使用的第二類煙草產品,僅次於電子煙。43

那些同樣造成香煙電子煙流行病的大公司,現在也正在推廣尼古丁口含煙袋進入市場。值得注意的是,煙草商PMI大量投資Zyn的製造商瑞典火柴公司,並最終在2022年收購了該公司。1345 他們甚至在2023年的年度報告中,將Zyn列為新利潤財源的主要來源。46

PMI的競爭對手奧馳亞(Altria),最近也宣布將推出比Zyn含有更高尼古丁含量的On!口含煙袋,這代表煙草商的引領企業正在競相開發市場上最會令人上癮的產品。18

尼古丁口含煙袋是否正在向孩童銷售?

我們知道,如果不能使年輕人上癮,煙草商就無法繼續經營。10 這究竟是為什麼?因為煙草業深知年輕人是最容易上癮的族群。47 我們長期以來就從香煙上一直看到同樣的情況,最近又出現在電子煙上。將近90%的吸煙成年人是從孩童時期就開始吸煙,只有5%的吸煙成年人是在24歲後才開始吸煙。2449

在1980年代的一份R.J.雷諾煙草公司的報告中,揭示出煙草商的商業模式,就是將兒童當作「替代吸煙者」,用以取代每年因其危險產品而死亡的成千上萬名顧客。1050

Big Tobacco's Business Model

年輕人的社交媒體來源現在充斥著由受歡迎的意見領袖所推出的Zyn相關內容,例如播客Joe Rogan及惡作劇的YouTube團體Nelk Boys,甚至還有前福克斯新聞主持人塔克·卡爾森(Tucker Carlson)。1351 這些有影響力的意見領袖經常在表演華而不實的特技或幽默小品時分享他們對尼古丁口含煙袋的熱情,例如從直升機上將一罐巨大的Zyn送遞給塔克·卡爾森,或扮演一位需要尼古丁口含煙袋才能參加拼字比賽的六年級學生。13

@thenewstrending The Nelk Boys surprise Tucker Carlson with the largest Zyn tin in the world. #viraltiktok #viralvideo ♬ original sound - @TheNewsTrending

我們知道,在太多的情況下,煙草業的掠奪性市場營銷完全按照他們的意圖進行:越來越多的年輕人正在嘗試尼古丁口含煙袋。2252 根據2023年發表的一項研究顯示,有16%的15至24歲年輕人表示他們嘗試過尼古丁口含煙袋,我們知道自那時起銷售量只增不減。5253

尼古丁口含煙袋是新事物,但說謊是煙草商最早使用的舊伎倆

數十年來,煙草商的策略一直是推廣聲稱危害較小的嶄新「創新」產品,以吸引新用戶上癮。

例如,煙草業在1950年代推出香煙「濾嘴」,作為一種市營銷策略,並讓消費者相信它們可將吸煙的負面健康影響降至最低,即使煙草業明知「濾嘴」根本沒有這種功能。54 這就是大煙草的濾嘴騙局

人們普遍認為咀嚼煙和鼻煙等無煙煙草比香煙更安全,因為不會有煙霧吸入。但根據美國癌症協會的說法,任何形式的無煙煙草都不是香煙的安全替代品。39 與煙草商重塑品牌所承諾打造的「無煙世界」相反,無煙煙草被宣傳為人們可在無法吸煙之處使用的替代品。這正是在推廣所謂的「雙重用途」或「多重用途」,也就是使用多種產品。因此,煙草商並非通過完全戒除香煙來減少危害,而是通過在不同空間中使用多種產品,最大限度地提高成癮性和利潤,因此造成更大的危害。5556

電子煙是煙草業用來吸引新世代對煙草上癮的產品,也是煙草商虛偽品牌重塑的另一部分。

總之,由於尼古丁煙袋是一種相對較新的產品,因此仍有待研究相關的短期和長期健康影響。同時,也該聽聽專家的意見:加州大學洛杉磯分校醫學教授、實踐內科醫生及煙草教育與研究監督委員會主席Michael Ong醫學博士告訴雅虎新聞:「雖然這些產品不含煙草,但尼古丁對健康有害,而且對於此類新產品的安全性評估還不夠充分。」57

Photo with no alt text

「雖然這些產品不含煙草,但尼古丁對健康有害,而且對於此類新產品的安全性評估還不夠充分。」

Michael Ong醫學博士

雖然煙草商正在竭盡全力吸引新世代對其產品上癮,但我們有能力對其操控性的策略斷然地永遠說不。加州擁有35年行之有效的預防策略,更已成功降低吸煙率。58

尼古丁口含煙袋能否有助戒煙?

尼古丁口含煙袋並未獲得FDA批准用於任何用途,包括幫助大眾戒斷尼古丁。尼古丁口含煙袋與尼古丁替代療法(NRT)不同,例如尼古丁含片或口香糖,後者是FDA批准並監管的戒煙產品。59

替代療法(NRT)能幫助人們擺脫尼古丁依賴並擺脫所有煙草製品。然而,替代療法(NRT)可能不是每個人的正確選擇,而且還有不同的戒煙方法可供選擇。使用諮商並結合藥物治療可以為眾人提供永遠成功戒煙的最佳機會。60 了解更多有關戒煙選項的相關信息(英文網頁)

克服尼古丁上癮具有挑戰性,但在適當的支持下戒煙是大有可能的。請瀏覽ASQ華語戒煙專線,以獲得為成年人提供的免費、個人化戒煙支援。請參閱我們的指南,其中包含戒煙要點和建議,還有現今青少年和年輕人戒除煙草的資源,以及如何獲得服務的綜合列表,以幫助對尼古丁上癮的年輕人

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即使對於不使用煙草的人,也可能產生致命的後果。
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煙草商稱孩子們為「替代客戶」, 而大煙草商更判處他們終生成癮與疾病。
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具有種族主義的煙草商,策略性地以特定社區為目標,提供致命的產品及操控性的信息。
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有毒煙草廢棄物及塑料污染所帶來的環境破壞與健康風險,無人能免受其害。
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追究煙草商責任

加州已在保護大眾避免受到其他有害產品的侵害,現在正是該以同樣標準對待煙草商的時候!